How do spaceships avoid space junk?
Spacecraft avoid space junk through a combination of tracking, evasive maneuvers and protective measures. Here are some methods used to avoid space debris:

1. Tracking: Space agencies and organizations track large space debris using radar systems. This tracking provides early warning to spacecraft operators about potential collisions, allowing them to take necessary precautions.

2. Orbit Selection: Careful orbit selection for spacecraft launches can minimize the risk of encountering space debris. By selecting low-traffic orbits or orbits at higher altitudes, the risk of collision decreases.

3. Collision avoidance maneuvers: Spacecraft equipped with propulsion systems can perform collision avoidance maneuvers to change their trajectory and avoid possible collisions with space debris. These maneuvers are calculated based on the expected trajectory of the debris.

4. Deorbit or disposal: Some spacecraft, particularly those in low Earth orbit, are designed to deorbit at the end of their mission to burn up in Earth's atmosphere. This reduces the long-term accumulation of space debris.

5. Shielding and Hardening: Shielding sensitive spacecraft components with thick layers of materials such as aluminum or Kevlar can protect them from impacts from small debris. Additionally, hardening sensitive electronics against the effects of radiation during high-speed impacts can help ensure the integrity of spacecraft systems.

6. Design Considerations: Designing a spacecraft with debris reduction guidelines in mind helps reduce the generation of additional space debris. For example, spacecraft may have features such as self-protecting fuel tanks, deployable covers, and self-destruct systems to minimize the creation of new debris.

7. International cooperation: Space agencies and organizations around the world collaborate to share information, track space debris, and develop strategies to minimize the risk of collision. Cooperation allows resources and knowledge to be pooled to solve the growing problem of space waste.

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