Answer: The size of nanomaterials is very similar to that of biological molecules and structures; therefore, these nanomaterials are widely used in in vivo and in vitro biomedical applications. The integration of nanomaterials with biology has led to the development of various diagnostic devices, contrast agents, analytical tools, physiotherapy applications and drug delivery vehicles.

1. Diagnosis: Magnetic nanoparticles, linked to an appropriate antibody, are used to mark molecules, structures or microorganisms. Gold nanoparticles labeled with short DNA segments are used for genetic sequence detection. Multicolor optical coding for biological analyzes has been achieved by incorporating quantum dots of different sizes into polymer microbeads. Nanopore technology for nucleic acid analysis can convert nucleotide chains directly into an electronic signature.

2. Drug administration: Drug consumption and side effects can be significantly reduced by depositing the active agent into the diseased region and applying an inappropriate dose. Nanoporous materials can be used to contain small drug molecules and transport them to the desired location. Applications include cancer treatment with iron nanoparticles or gold shells.

3. Tissue repair: Nanotechnology can help regenerate or repair damaged tissues and the technique has scaled up tissue engineering. This uses artificially stimulated cell proliferation through appropriate non-material scaffolds and growth factors. Tissue engineering could replace current conventional treatments such as organ transplants or artificial implant surgeries.

4. Transdermal drug delivery: This involves nano-sized protrusions on the underside of the patches which would be attached to the skin like a bandage. The protrusions carrying the drug doses act like tiny needles, releasing the drug, which can then reach other parts of the body through tissue fluids.

5. Zinc and titanium nanooxides are used in sunscreens, lotions and other cosmetics. These nanoparticles become transparent and retain their ability to absorb UV rays.

6. Tungsten-carbide-cobalt nanoparticles form a hard coating. This results in greater wear resistance in applications such as drill bits, cutting tools and jet engine parts.

7. Nano-coating on glass produces self-cleaning glass, which becomes transparent or opaque depending on the applied current.

8. Nanotechnology finds applications in energy storage and conversion.

9. Nanomaterials are being studied as electrode materials in batteries and fuel cells.

10. Nanotubes also offer enhanced hydrogen storage capacity for use in fuel cells.

11. Nanotechnology finds applications in the production, processing safety and packaging of food products.

12. Nanofibers in clothing make them waterproof, stain-resistant or wrinkle-resistant and can be washed less frequently. Nanotechnology in textiles can provide protection against electrostatic charges to the wearer.

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