The size and mass of galaxies are determined by various observational techniques and calculations. Size is usually measured by determining the extent of the galaxy's visible light distribution or its apparent angular diameter. This can be done using telescopes and imaging instruments, capturing images and analyzing the spatial extent of the galaxy. Mass, on the other hand, is often estimated through the application of Newtonian dynamics and the study of galaxy dynamics. By observing the movements of stars or gas in a galaxy, scientists can infer the gravitational forces at play and calculate the mass. Additionally, measurements of the mass of galaxies can be obtained through the analysis of gravitational lensing effects caused by the galaxy's gravitational field. These methods provide valuable information about the size and mass of galaxies, contributing to our understanding of their formation, evolution and role in the cosmos.

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