Dark matter and dark energy are mysterious components that make up the majority of the mass and energy content of the universe. Dark matter, which makes up about 27% of the universe, does not emit, absorb or reflect light, making it invisible. It interacts gravitationally, influencing the distribution of visible matter and contributing to the formation of cosmic structures like galaxies. Dark energy, which makes up about 68% of the universe, is even more enigmatic. It is a form of energy that drives the accelerated expansion of the universe, counteracting the gravitational pull of matter. Although their nature remains unknown, these dark components play a crucial role in shaping the large-scale structure and evolution of the cosmos, as revealed by observations such as the cosmic microwave background radiation and the motions of galaxies.

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