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#chapter 2 Plasma Applications
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Plasma, often called the fourth state of matter, has many applications in various fields:

1. **Lighting:** Plasma is used in fluorescent bulbs, neon signs, and plasma lamps, where an electric current passes through a gas, creating a plasma that emits light.

2. **Thermonuclear fusion:** Plasma plays a crucial role in experimental fusion reactors like ITER, where hydrogen isotopes are heated to millions of degrees to initiate nuclear fusion.

3. **Material Processing:** Plasma is used in plasma cutting and welding, where it can reach extremely high temperatures to cut metals cleanly and precisely.

4. **Medicine:** Plasma is used in medical sterilization processes, such as plasma sterilizers, to disinfect medical equipment and instruments without heat or chemicals.

5. **Spacecraft Propulsion:** Ion thrusters use plasma to efficiently propel spacecraft through space by expelling ionized gas at high speeds.

6. **Semiconductor Manufacturing:** Plasma etching and deposition processes are essential in semiconductor manufacturing, enabling precise modification of material surfaces at a microscopic level.

7. **Environmental Applications:** Plasma-based technologies are used for waste treatment, water purification and air pollution control, breaking down pollutants into harmless substances.

8. **Biomedical Applications:** Plasma medicine explores the use of non-thermal plasma for wound healing, cancer treatment, and bacterial decontamination in healthcare settings.

These applications highlight the versatility and importance of plasma in various scientific, industrial and medical fields….

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